Cognition refers to the person on an objective understanding of the world, including perception, memory, attention, thinking and other mental processes. Cognitive characteristics can be summed up in four areas: cognitive style and cognitive strategies, cognitive speed and cognitive performance. Perception of sleep is the most basic cognitive process, is the basis for higher cognitive activities, children\'s understanding of the objective world is perception-based, and learned the language, on this basis only began to develop higher cognitive processes.
(A) the development of perception of infant sleep
Infants \' perception of sleep is the most important sense of touch, hearing and vision. The fetal period, the perception has been formed and developed.
Tactile have developed the first, adopted in early infant oral tactile and touch of the hand to explore the outside world. 5-12 weeks of the baby\'s study found that babies during this period has been established through the oral tactile reflexes. They often on own sucking had of surface bump of pacifier will watch more long of time, description they has development has depending on, and tactile coordination of ability, has has depending on, and tactile coordination ability, baby on to conscious to carried out large of action and activities, for example by hand-eye coordination to completed enough property of action, even can seize movement with of object, so, individual exploration external world of activities on began has.
After the birth of the child visual development mainly in the following areas: Visual tuning, Visual site and Visual resolution and color perception. Newborn eyes small, retinal structures is not yet complete, optic nerve was not fully, so Visual a narrow range, but between the 2-10 weeks after birth, Visual range is increased to more than twice times. Infant vision in between 6 months and years, will develop to adult levels. At about 3 months, babies have completion of both eyes closed, gaze from one object to another object. Neonatal show preferences of face and fine bar pattern, they already have a Visual resolution. With the growth of age, children\'s Visual ability to distinguish also gradually improving, at the time of 4~6sui stabilized. In the few months after birth, babies will take a very mature way to color perception, study found that the 4-month-old babies can distinguish between colors such as red, green, blue, yellow, and shows a preference for blue, red.
Sunrise of sleep also has a large development of infant, newborns can head towards the sound source. Baby was born 3 days has been able to distinguish new voice and they Zeng Xin\'s voice, but also to the visual experience combined with the sound, around the 4-7 months, they are able to speak with facial stimulus watch more time integrating movement, and her voice and facial expressions inconsistent will stimulate performance anxiety.
Small window: \"Visual cliff\"
Walker and Gibson (Walk&Gibson,1961) has conducted a study aimed at infants depth Visual experiment--\"Visual cliff\" (as shown in the figure) experiment, came to be known as one of the classic study of developmental psychology. Researchers make a flat rectangular pattern, with a different pattern constructs to create \"Visual cliff\" illusion, and the cover glass panels at the top of the pattern. Will 2-3 months large of baby abdominal down placed in \"Visual cliff\" of side, found baby of heartbeat speed will slows down, this description they experience to has object depth: Dang to 6 months large of baby placed in glass Shang, let its mother in another side greets baby Shi, found baby will did not hesitate to climbing had no depth illusion of side, but is does not willing to climbing had looks has Cliff features of side, even mother in opposite how called also as. This seems to suggest babies have depth perception, but that depth perception is innate, also is learned in a few months after birth, there is no conclusion.
(B) friendly twist the language development of children
Language is a tool for human communication and contact, as well as individual basis for developing other higher cognitive activities, when individuals understand the meaning of the word, the representative, he was able to use a symbol to replace all the things around him, his thoughts, emotions, needs, understanding other people\'s thoughts, emotions and needs, thereby contributing to the effective control of their lives.
In the human individual in the process of acquiring the language with consistency across cultures, although there are great differences between different languages. Children and some of the main stages of the process of mastering mother tongue, in different cultures are similar. Following table is a children\'s spoken English acquisition age and characteristics in different stages.
Acquisition of oral age
The phases of the acquisition of spoken characteristics
Just born can tell the voice and other stimuli
9-12 months say the first directive
18-24 months a double word talk
3-4 appears in full compliance with the syntax of the full sentence
Before the age of 7 with the full subject oral language syntax
Children usually enter after regular school, begin learning written languages. Written language learning further extends their vocabulary, in particular that they mastered the highly abstract and use fewer words in spoken, written language learning also helps children master the more complex grammatical structures, learning to read and write, so that their language skills are further improved.
About how to obtain the individual language is, as different researchers have emphasized different factors, so forming a different theory of language acquisition. Learning theory emphasizes environmental factors and learning experiences of the day after tomorrow, think of children by adult language to imitate to get the language, for example, received more attention and enhanced children growing up in the family, than children living in poor language families more said that language better. Therefore learning theories stress that parents or rearing should talk to their children, \' voice initiative to give active and strengthened to promote children\'s language ability
Improved. Contrast is another school-of-birth on the point of view, advocates of humans have innate language capacity. For example, Chomsky (N.Chomsky,1972) believed that human nature has a device able to machine language, called \"language acquisition device\" (LAD), LAD which children are able to analyze the language they hear voices, and extract the grammar rules, build their inherent grammar system translate them, so that you can create children had never heard of a new sentence. Children\'s language acquisition is completed. What about the children\'s language is how to access? From genetic qualities of the parents, or individual maturity as well as environmental impact? The answer seems to be a combination of comprehensive, perhaps children born has the ability to learn language, but this study is the need to be triggered by environmental incentives, children\'s interaction with others in your environment is an important factor affecting children have access to language.(C) Jean Piaget\'s theory of cognitive development
Switzerland of Piaget\'s Psychology Department Home on children\'s cognitive development process conducted an in-depth study, he creatively put forward the theory of the four stages of cognitive development in children, describes the order of cognitive development from infancy to adolescence.
1, sensorimotor stage
Piaget believes that any knowledge is derived from the actions of the people, basis for action is the source of perception and thinking. 0~2sui children\'s cognitive level is in a sense the movement phase, by feeling and actions of the child to recognize all around, they gradually to separately from the objects themselves, aware of the impact of their activities on the environment to form a \"object of permanent\" concept. In other words, children learn when their sight when a person or an object, they also remain concept.
2, the former operations phase
2~7sui children at the stage when children begin to learn and be able to use symbols for characterization of things, developed some representation systems, such as specific words to represent the people, places, or events. But thinking of children at this stage is premature, its typical characteristics is egocentric or not \"conservative\".
3, concrete operations stage
Age of children at this stage is about 7~12sui, then gradually mastered the concept of conservation of the child, can start to make some logical thinking activities using symbols, mental imagery can form a series of actions. For example, about 8 years old children had several children at home, will be able to draw a specific road map to, and children aged 5, 6, you cannot do. In addition, concrete operational child \"egocentric\" also were falling, they began to overcome the \"one-sided\" and attention to all aspects of things, developing the capacity to understand the views of others, thus increasing the ability to communicate with others.
4, formal operational period
In the child after the age of 11, 12, has entered into formal operational period, this is the mature stage of development of thinking. The stage is the typical characteristics of abstract thought has been developed and improved. When youth thinking is no longer limited to specific things, but using the abstract concept, reasonable and feasible hypothesis and verification of, they know the number of possibilities for the development of things, so thinking begins with the flexibility and complexity.
Cognitive development in Piaget\'s stage theory has been widespread recognition of the developmental psychologist, the study of the psychological development of children have had a huge impact. But there are a lot of psychologists gave criticism on his theory, one of the most important problem is the Piaget\'s underestimated the cognitive capacity of children. For example, Piaget believes that operation before children are in the phase of \"egoism\", in their thinking, typically containing \"egocentric\" feature, just can\'t imagine in what location of human cognitive and cognitive content. But other researchers point out that, Piaget\'s experimental situations used to come to this conclusion are children not familiar, question more difficult is not suitable for children. Therefore, they use some alternative methods of children \"egocentric\" thinking study found that children are not like Jean Piaget says \"egocentric\" thinking like that.
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